αǺ ͻƮ ͳݻƮ
θ ˷ ֽñ⸦ ٶϴ.
Ư ѷ, κ ʵؾ .
+ + + + + + +
ιΰȭ αǽ - 2002
̱ 2003.3.31.ǥ
ιΰȭ() ڱ ƹ ϼ 1994 ķ ǿ ƺ ġϴ 籹̴.
״ 1997 뵿 Ѻ ӸǾ. 19989 ְιȸ ȸ
߰, "ְ" ߴ. ϼ ȭ " ּ"
ä, ּ Ǿ. å ϴ ֵ ⱸ ڸ 뵿
ια üߴ. ǥ ְιȸ 迵̴. ϼ
Ѵ ̴. ڱ̶ "ü"
ϰ ִ. δ ʾҴ. ια Ⱥ å ֵ ̴.
(, ) ħѴ. ̵ ġ
Կ ־ Ⱥο 뵿 ϰ ִ. ɰ αħظ ִ. ֿȰ ϸ, 2,200 α ΰ ϴ 뵿ո ϰ ǰ ִ. ɰ پ Ը ۵ϰ , , ű ְ ְ, Ϻδ ҷð 걹 ر ް ̴.
ȸ Ϸ µ (ħü DZ ü GDP 3 1̾, ѻ κ Ѵ.) ƿԴ. äȯ ϰ ⱸκ ɷ ϱ ް ִ. ķڱ å ҰŸ ϱ ߴ. 1995 1997 ķ ر θ ʷ, 1鸸 2鸸, Ǵ ü α 10ۼƮ ָ .
, ġ Ȳ ġ . δ Ͽ ķ ϰ ְ, üķ ø ߴ. δ йý Ǵ ķ ϱ , ε鿡 ߴ. ķ, Ǻ, йȴ. UN ķⱸ , γ, ڿ ߴ. ѿ , GDP 2000 ణ ϱ , ̴ ַ 1993 GDP پ ӵ ħü ̴.
2002 ߹, ӱݰ ǰ ÷Ȱ, ڵ鿡 ū å οϴ ȯ ǥߴ. Ĺݿ ÷ ް ö ̵ ȭ ٶ µ ߴ. Ưȹ ǥǾ ﰢ ߴ. Ư 2002 7 Ͽ ȭ 븮 ü Թ, , ü踦 ġ ȹǾ.
αDZ ̰, Ȥ αħظ Ͽ . ùε ڱ θ ȭӰ ü Ǹ ߰, κ αDZԹ, Ư Ǹ ҹ̸, ܼ Ұ ǥ ݿϴ ִ. ġ ó ӵǾ. ùε ݵǸ, ġҿ ִ. ˼ Ȳ ϰ, Ϲȭ Ǿ ִٰ ȴ.
˼ ¸ ϰ, ϸ Ʊ ҿ ¾´ ٷ Ѵ. ǿ ʴ´. ùε Ȱ 鿡 ϰ ִ. 2001 EU ۵ αǴ 翡 2002 6 Ǵٸ ǰ߱ȯ , δ αǿ ص ѿ Ǵ ʾҴ. Ȥϰ, Ż, Żֽõ, å , ܱ û, "ݵ" , ݵ ι " " ϰ ִ.
ùε ǻǥ , , ȸ , ȭ Ȱ ҵ Ʒ ִ. ܺμ迡 Ϲݿ ˷ ʰ, ο εǰ ˷. δ , ùο, 뵿 Ǹ ʴ´. ߱ dz dzΰ 뵿ڵ γڿ ҳ νŸŸŰ ǰ ִ.
αǺо
Section 1 : ΰ κ
a. ̰ ҹ Ż
øǿ Ǹ ε Ͽ, ġ, λ, ȯ Żڵ óߴٰ Żڵ dzε Ѵ. " ع " "ڵ " ǹ óϵ Ǿ ִ. " ", " ȸ", ٸ " " ߸ "˵" ˼ ´. 쿡, 뵿ڵ, л, л ȸ忡 ̷ٰ ȴ. ó ˼ տ ̷.
Żڵ ̶ Ҵٰ ȴ. , ġ ҿ Ż õϴ ̶ Ҵٰ Żڵ Ѵ. ΰ ҿ ߴٰ Żڵ Ѵ. ¿ ŻƸ ̴ ҿ ⺻ ̶ ȴ. (Section 1.c.)
ü αǴü, ϱȸ Ͽ ߱濡 Ȱ ؿ ü Ѵٴ Ƿ óǾٰ Ѵ. (Section 2.c. )
˼ , ָ, ġ ٰ ȴ.
(Section 1.c. )
αǴü鿡 ϸ, δ ķ Ǿǰ ε, , ǿ 漺ϴ 鿡Ը Ѵ.
b.
ǵ鿡 ο å ִٰ ȴ. ֱ Ż 鿡 ϸ, ġ Ǹ 鿡 , ġҷ . ΰ ģô鿡 ˸ ʰ, ϰ Ű, ܺο ܽŰ ϴ ƹ . ѻ Ϻ ٸ ܱε ġµ ΰ Ϳ ִ. 1970뿡 ΰ 13 Ϻ ġߴٴ 2002 9 17Ͽ Ϻ ̿ ߴ.
Ϻ ΰ鿡 ϸ, ̵ ġ 1977 1983 ̿ . ̵ ̵ ڵ ſ ߰, ڵ Ϻδ Ϻ Ϻ ƷýŰ ߴ. δ 5 ڵ 10 1ϵ Ϻ 湮ϵ , ڵ 湮 ķ Ϻ ִ. δ 8 ڵ ߴٰ ߴ. Ϻγ ο Ȯε ʾ, ΰ Ϻֹε ġߴٰ ȴ. 1997 11 δ ø üߴ.
翡 ϸ, 1978 ķ Ҹ ο ġǾ ø ƷùҴٰ ü ڵ ߴ. ̵ 3 Ҹ 迵, ȫ Ҹ , ȫǥ ȮεǾ. ̵ ü ڵ鿡 ϸ, 1970 Ĺݰ 1980 ʹݿ ٸ ġ ־. δ 1950 1953 ѱ ķ ġ, κ ε, 486 ѽùε ۼؿԴ. ߰, ߱ þƿ ִ ֱ ̴, ֱ Ⱓ ġ, , ٸ »ǵ ǰ ִ.
ʾ ο ұϰ, δ ٸ ܱε ġ ϰ ִ. Ϲ ùε ܱΰ ٴ ִ ְ, Amnesty International ܱΰ ùε ҸǾٰ Ѵ.
c. , ٸ ϰ ΰ̰ų ް ó
Ǿ ʴ. Ÿ, , Ⱓ ġ, ü, ˼ ȹٷ ų, 巯 "¡" ֵ ϻ ġ鿡 ȴ. Ż ϸ, ˼ , , ָ, ġ, Ǵ ̵ ε ȥն . ̱ αǿ ȸ 1972 ķ 40 ˼ ҿ ߴٰ Դ. ֱ ߱ ȥ ܼϿ õ ڵ ߹ , Ϻδ ӽ, ѿ ȯǾ Ǿ.
Ѱ ҿ װ, Ư ߱ ߹ ڵ ϰ ִ ҿ å ǽõȴ. , ŻƵ ﰢ δٰ ȴ. ߰, ˼ Ѵ. Ȳ ϰ, Ʒ ó ϹȭǾ ִ. 1 ˷ ҵǸ ̵ ȴ. "뵿 米" Ϲ ó̰, 뵿 Ȥ Ȳ Ʒ 뵿, , ۹Ȯ ̷. 湮 ˼ , Ʋ ϰ ȴ ߴ.
ҿ, ˼ ϰų ҷۿ , ɸ ġḦ Ѵ. ҿ 3⵿ ѹ ȴ. 1994 ߱ ߿ ⵿ ҿ ´ ̼ 1,800 ˼ ҿ Ϸ翡 16ð 17ð 뵿 ߴٰ 2002 6 ̱ ߴ. ȣ ְ öŸ ̾Ƴ Ÿ ̼ ߰, 뿡 ˼鿡 ȭ ߴٰ ߴ. ٸ Żڵ鵵 ߴ.
ִ 22ȣ ҿ 1990뿡 ظ ü ˼ 20 25ۼƮ ̸ ȯ Ʒ 5 ˼ 뵿 ߴٰ ȴ. 2002 ε, 1990 ʹݿ 뵿ҿ ˼ ̱ ȸ ߴ. ̵ ε ų䶧 ݵ ˼ Ϲ ٸ ˼麸 Ȥ ´ٰ ߴ. (Section 2.c )
δ αǰñⱸ Ҹ ϴ ʾҴ.
d. ü, , ߹
ΰ Ƿ ϰ ϸ ܺο ܽŰ ƹ . ִ , ü迡 ܺ ̳ ٸ ˿ ִ Ϳ ѵȴ. ̳ ٸ ִ ˸̳ ´ٴ Ұϴٰ ȴ. Ҵ ̳ ʴ´. 2002 20 ˼ ġ ܰ ݵǾ ־. δ ġ 縦 ߰, װ ֹε ǥõǾ ִ.
ֱ Ⱓ, ΰ ü ڸ 20κ 10 Ϸ ٿٰ , ˼ ڰ ƴ϶ ߵ ̴. ̵ ġҿ ߰Ͽ, ª Ⱓ ؾ ϴ Ϲ ڵ 30 뵿 Ǵ 뵿Ұ ִٰ ȴ. δ "Ǽ ˸ " "͵" ִٰ ߴ. Ⱥ ο Żڴ ġ Ȳ ص Ȥϰ ˼ Ƴ ٰ ߴ. ̵ ҿ, ˼ ϰ ġḦ . , 뵿ҿ ˼ "" ִ. ΰ ߹ϴ ˷ ʾҴ.
, δ ֱ ϵ ߰, 翡 ð ֽ״. ұ ޱ , ٸ ұڵ ġ ҽŹ ߹濡 ó. ֵǴ 濡 ٰϿ ߵȴ. ұϰ, "ȸ"ǽİ ؿ ΰ , źٴ Ź ߿ϰ ŵ ִ. 1997 9 Ȯε ؿܺ ϸ, 500 ߹濡 ó.
e.
̰ ȴٰ ϰ , ʴ´. ٳ, Ǹ ʴ´. δ ġ ٷ, ˼ ó η ѱ. ȣ ִ. Ȳ ϰ ɸ ϰ ִ. ǰ Ǹ ִٰ ϰ, ΰ ȣ縦 ϴ .
, ȣ ǰ ǥϴ ʰ, ǰ ˸ ϵ ǰ ν ; ϴ ȴٰ ȴ. ϸ ġ Ϲݹڰ Ǹ, δ ϹݹڿԸ ǰ ȣ Ѵ. δ ǿ ġ ٷ. ϼ ִ Ź ɴ ൿ ġ Եǰ, ϼ ߴٴ ǿ 뵿ڷ ؾ ϴ ó ´ٰ ִ.
뵿 ϼ ̹ ȣϴ Ư ִ. ùε Ģ ʻ ġ ʰ ȣ ǹ ִ. 1970뿡 ۵, Ư ̳ 10 α Ź ų Ѽ ġ̰ ġ óƾ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ϳ ̰ 쿬 Ѽ ó ´ٴ Ż ִ. ؾ ϸ, Ȧ ߰ϸ, ϳ ڱǼ ߸ Ѵ. ۱ ϵ ܱ ؿܼ Ǿ 1⵿ Ǿ. ״ ʾƼ ó Ұϴٰ ȭ ( ) 6 Ǿ.
Ϲ ڵ ϼ̳ ϳ DZ Ѵ.
f. Ȱ, , ְ, ſ ħ
ΰ ְ ħ ϵ ϰ , δ ʴ´. ùε Ͽ ΰ ִ. ڴ κ αDZԹ, Ư Ǹ ǥ ݿ ܺλȸ ̶ ִ. δ ڿ ߱ڸ ϱ ϰ ٴܰ а ü ϰ ִ. Ȱ˻縦 ƾ Ѵ. "ݵ " ܱû ó ó ̴.
쿡, å Ʒ, 1 ġ ó ´. , Ѹ 쿬 Ѽ ΰ ó Ҵٰ Żڰ Ѵ. (Section 1.e. )
δ Ű ȭȭ Ѵ. Ϻ ѵ , ȭ θ ѵǾ ִ. û ϰ ִ. , û̳ Ǹ, γ ΰ м ãƳ. ڴ ö ó ó. 1950 Ĺ ķ, ȸ 3 ֵ ߴ. "ٽɰ", "", "". ̵ 3 ڿ 漺 īװ ڼ еȴ. ο Ǿ ִ. Ϻ ϸ, α "", Ǵ "" Ǿ ִ.
̵ 漺 , ְ, Ƿ, Ư ִ. ̵ 漺 ݽ ó ش. , ϴ ڵ ڳ鿡 ̻ Ű ʴ ó, ֱ ⵿ ̵ ü ̿ϵǾ Դٴ ¡ĵ , ü 뵿 ġ ⺻ ִ.
ѱ dz ģô "" зǾ ִ. ϴ α κ ϰ ִ. Żڴ ̵ α 25 Ǵ 30ۼƮ ϸ, ٸ 20ۼƮ . Żڵ ֱ Ⱓ Ǿٰ , ̵ ϰ ִ. δ ùε鿡 ġ ǹȭŰ ִ. ϼ , ϼ żȭ ü ְ, ؿ ̸.
뼺 üȭ Ӹ ƴ϶ ü ڿ 漺 Ȯ ϴ ΰ ִ. ̷ ȭ ʿ伺 ݺ ǰ , ҷ ر ַ ؼ ܱ ԵǾ ſϰ ִ. лӸ ƴ϶, б, ü, ü ü ȴ. б й 켱Ͽ ̷ Ѵٰ , ״ ٷڵ ǹ н ȭ 䱸ߴ.
ü Ǵٸ ¿ ʸ Ǵ , , 뿬 ̴̿. ϸ, ߱ 2001 9 湮 , ʸ ιε Ǿ λ ǿ ߴ. 1998 9, DZ 50ֳ ð ֵϰ , ڸ Ͽ, 2000 10, 뵿 â 55ֳ Ŀ 鸸 ̻ Ǿ.
Section 2. ùα о.
a. ǻǥ
ǻǥ , δ ̵ Ǹ Ǵ ϰ ִ. ùε Ͽ "ȸڷμ ȰԹ" , "" ؾ ϴ ġ Ǹ ⺻Ǻ ռ ϰ ִ. ´ Ȱ ϰ ִ. δ ǻǥ ϰ ִ. δ ̳ å ϴ Űų " 뵿" óϰ ִ. Ͽ ִ Ǹ, ǿ ߴٴ ǰ, óȴ. δ Ϸ õߴ.
ӵǴ Ʒ ִٰ ϸ鼭, δ ܱ ε 湮 Ͽ ٷ. , ڱ ȹ Ǵ , δ ܱ Ư ٷ絵 ߴ. 2002 ܱ ε "Ƹ" ٷ絵 Ǿ. 2000 6 ȸ ٸ ܱڵ õ 綧, õDZ Ͽ, ܱ ε İߴ ϰ ϵ Ǿ. ̳ Ÿ 鿡 Ŵ ʾҰ, ̳ ȭ⸦ üⰣ Ǿ.
2000 8, ȭ μַ 46 Ź ۻ ѿ ϰ . 1997 ȣ KEDO İ 2002 8 ũƮ Ÿ ϽĶ ܱڵ ϴ Ǿ. ܱ ڵ ѿ DZ , δ ܱ湮ڵ ϰ ִ. а˿ Ǹ, ħ . ġ ε ϰ ܱ ۸ü Ű ְ, ڴ Ȥ ó ް ȴ.
TV α , ܱ ۵ǵ ϱ Ǿ߸ Ѵ. ѱ ȣڿ ܱ CNN TV۸ ûϴ. ο ȭ ȭ ɰų ý ۵ǰ, ȭ ſ ѵ Ȳ ϴ. 翡 ִ ȣȭȣ ܱ湮ڵ ͳݼ Ѵ. ֹε , ͳ а о 鿡Ը ȴ. ͳ ߱ ڿ ȭ ȴ.
δ й ߰, й ۾ ߴ. , ȭ, , ص ֵ ۿ ϼ ȭ ϱ ̶ 湮ڵ Ѵ. δ ߱ ξ ִ б 翡 б ġϿ ο յ ǵ Ͽ. ̰ ݻ缳 ̴.
b. ȭο ȸ,
ȸ , δ ʴ´. δ 㰡 ü ȸ Ѵ. üἺ , δ ʴ´. ο ̿ܿ ˷ ʾҴ. ַ ϰ ϱ Ѵ.
c.
" ų" , δ ü鿡 츦 ϰ Ȱ ϰ ִ. 1992 ϰ, " ǹ Ǹ" οϰ, ߴ. "ܼ ų, ϰ Ǽ ȵȴ" ϰ ִ.
ϰ ʴ. Ŀ ü ܱ ȸü ⱸ ߰η Ȱǰ ִ. ̵ ǥ ܱε ̵ , , ü, ħ ƴ ٰ ٰ Ѵ. ϴ ڴ ˷ ʾ, ̳ ü DZ ű, ұ, 4õ õֱ, ϱȸҼ ˷ ڶ Ѵ. ҽ뿡 ϸ 2002 500 ȸ Ȱ̶ Ѵ.
7 30 UN αȸ δ ̵ ȸ Ͽ 500 " Ÿ" Ѵٰ ߴ. ϸ, Ȱ̳ ܱ ʴ ̵ " ȸ" Դٰ Ѵ. ѱ Ŀü õûⱳ Ѵ. 300 κ ȭ , ̵ Ϻο Ȱ ȴ. 8 ǿ Ǿ ִ Ұ ǰ ǵǾ.
1988 ķ Ʒ 2 ű ȸ ϳ θī縯ȸ () 翡 . ű ұ ڸ ġ 3 Ͽ, б Ѵ. 1989 ϼп Ǿ, 밳 ܱι ϰ ȴ. õֱ ִ ˷ ʾҴ. 2000 7, Ȳ 米 ݶ ֱ 1940뿡 50 ־, Ƴ ִ δ ٰ οȴ.
Ѱ ̱, ٸ Ȳ ǥڵ ε ֱ Ⱓ 湮ߴ. ؿ ȣü ķٿ Ͽ Ȱ Դ. 湮 ܱε ȸȰ δٰ ϱ , ϴ ġ ϱ ȸǽ ¥ ϱ Ѵ. ϴ üǾ Ⱓ Ȥ ó ó ִ. ֱ Ⱓ ε ü Ư Ȱ ϰų ߱濡 ִ ؿܼδü ܼؿ δ.
δ ߱ ϵ뿡 ѻ ȣ Ż ǿ ݴϴ ġ ǥ Ǵ Ϳ δ δ. ִ ü ߴ ȯ Żڵ ó ǰ ִ. õ ϱȸ Ÿ ϰ, üǾ ҿ , ų䶧 óٴ Ȯ ü αǴü ϰ ִ. Ȯ 2001 400 ڰ óǾٰ ϰ ִ. ̵ ܺΰ ӵ ȿ Ȯε ʴ´.
ұϰ, Ȱ Ȥ ϴ ü ̵ ź ְ ִ. ε Ȱ ˷ ٴ . ü ް ִ , , ǿ Ǿ Դٰ Ѵ. ֱ Ⱓ θ ʴ ּ ߰ ö ִ. μ ̵ ſ . , ϱȸ ϰų ߱ δü ڵ ݵ ִ.
ֵǰ ִ Ȱ ϴ ݴڵ ΰ Ȥϰ ϰ ִ. 2002⵿, ε ̱ ȸ 1990 ʱ ҿ ݵ ˼ Ͽ Ͽ. ̵ ų䶧 ݵ ˼ ٸ ˼麸 밳 ڰ ȴٰ Ͽ. ΰ " ̴." Ʊ, ϴ ϴ ģ ٰ ߴ. ´ ̸ ׳డ ϴ ڰ ݺ Ÿ ϰ ϵ ó ġ ״ ȸߴ.
ڼ 2002 ÿ.
d. ̵, ܱ, ȯ.
"ְ ҷε " , δ ̵ Ǹ ʴ´. ſ, ڽ ̵ ʿ ߴ. ̵ ̳, ģô ȥ, ʸ ؼ ߱Ǿ. ʼ 㰡 ð üǴ ̵ ѵ Ǹ ϴ Դ. ֱ Ⱓ, δ.
ȭǴ ķ, δ ֹε ķ ã ϸ鼭, 鿡 缺 ߰, ķ ã Ը ̵ ȴ. ؼҼ ε鸸 ο ִ. ΰ, , , ķ, ῡ ܴ ߴ. δ ķ, ְ, ǰ, Ϲ Ȱ Ÿ溸 ξ 翡 ϰų ִ 㰡 ص ߴ.
ִ , , , ε鿡Ը ܱ ⱹڸ ߱Ѵ. ̹ ʴ´. ҷðǰ , ؿܷκ õ л ȯ, ֱٿ ٽ Ҽ л鿡 ؿ ߴ. 1990 ߹ ķ, ߱ Ͽ ȫ, , ٸ ƽþƱ Żڵ ڰ ð ִٴ ӵ ִ. 2002 õ ߱ dz , ڰ ķ Ȯ ư.
ϸ, Żϰ ŻϽõ (ġ νû ϱ ܱ Ϸ õ Ͽ) ó ̴. Ȯε 鿡 ϸ, ִ Ϻ ȯǾ óǾ (Section 1.a.), ٸ ȯ Ȥ Ⱓ ߴ. 湮̳ Ϻ DZ , ڵ Ͽ ߱ õϴ ̶ Ҵٰ Ѵ. ģô鿡 Ѵٰ ȴ. 2002, ߱ ߹Ǵ ʰ þ.
߱ ߱ Żڰ ̶ , 1994 ̷ ּ ̰, Ƹ ʸ Żڰ ߱ ִٰ Ѵ. κ ķ, dzó, ã ұԸ и dzʹ. Ϻδ ݿ ϵ ߱ ϰ, . 2000 ķ ߱ ̵ Żڵ ãƳ ȯװ, ߱δ ̵ ҹ ڷ Ѵ. Żڵ ܼϱ ߱δ ߱ ȿ Ȱϴ ߴ. 2002, 130 Żڵ ߱ ִ ܱ νû Ǿ. ǵ鿡 Ͽ, ߱ ȭ߰, 2002 Ĺݿ ǵ پ.
þƿ ִ 뵿ڵ Żڵ ɰ αħظ ް ִ. ص þƿ ִ 濵ϴ ҿ , ź, Ǽ ϴ 뵿ڵ 6,000 ִ. ̵ 뵿ڵ þƿ ϵ ο Ǿ. ̵ ҵ鿡
Ȳ Ȥϰ, ķ ϸ, ¡ ϴ. ſ, ڵ ̿ 볪 ɰ Ͽ ݷ ϴ ü ¡ ȴٴ ־.
1990 ʹ þƿ ܱе Ȳ ϱ ķ 뵿Ұ ָ ް , ֱ ⵿ȿ, ڵ ó ޱ . þƿ ִ 鿡 þƷ Ϸ ٰ ư⸦ ź ѿ þƷ Եȴ. Ҹ ģ 뵿ڵ ܼϱ 1993 þƿ 뵿ڷ ϵ ȿ ־ٰ ȴ.
1993 ķ ̵ Żڵ ڰ ص þƿ Դ. þƿ ִ Żڵ ſ ް ִ. þƿ 뵿ڵ Ϲ ǰ ٸ ſ Ѵ. δ þ 籹 ⱸ ġ ܱä Ͽ þƿ ƿԴ. ʿ, 籹 þƳ ٸ νû ϴ ѻ ѿ ˸ ڶ þƴ籹 ȴ. 1957 ü ߹ , ˸ ִ ڱ ư Ѵ.
1959 1982, 6,637 Ϻ ó Ͽ 93,000 Ϻ ε ڹ ȯǾ. 3 1 ̻ Ϻ ùα ִ Ϻ ó 2 Ǵ 3⸶ Ϻ 湮 ִٴ 忡 ұϰ, 1997 ƹ ϵ ʾҴ. ҽ , Ϻ ִ ģô̳ ģ 鿡 ҽ̳ ˱ ߴ. 1997 Ϲݱ ο Ϻδ Ϸ ȸ ¡ , ȸ㿡 δ ѿ Ϻ Ϻ ó Ϻ 湮 ֵ ϴ ߴ. ù° 湮 15 Ϻ ó 1ϰ 湮ϱ ߴ 1997 11 Ͼ.
1998 ʿ ߰ 12 Ϻ ó 1ϰ 湮ߴ. , 1999 6, "Ϻ ֿ ΰ ൿ" ϸ, δ Ϻ ó Ϻ 湮 ߴ. 2000 4 Ϻο ΰ ȭ ȸ ٽ , 湮 簳Ǿ. 2000 9 16 Ϻ ó Ϻ 湮, 2002 ƹ 湮 ̷ ʾҴ. 2001 9, ѿ ȣ Ϻ װⳳġ Ƴ ġ쿡 ϱ Ϻ 湮ߴ. 10⵿ ΰ ؿε ѿ ִ ģô 湮ϵ ڰ þ , κ û Ǿ.
2000 8, 12, 2001 2 Ѱ ̻갡 ̻갡 ǥ ´. , Ϲ ѵ Ⱓ̾, ȭ Ǿ. 4 2001 10 Ǿ, 2001 9 11 溸 ΰԵ ΰ ߴ. 2002 4 ̷, 5 ̾, ݰ꿡 Ҹ ġϴ Ϳ ʱǰ ۵Ǿ. , ܱ, ܱ, αǴü ǥ 湮ϵ 㰡Ǿ, δ ܱι湮ڵ ߴ. , 湮 ܱͺ ڵ ȭ̳ 湮 ʾҰ, ̳ Ÿ ε鿡 Ŵ ͵ ʾҴ.
̳ ȭ⸦ 湮Ⱓ Ǿ. 2001 8, 300 Ѵ ѽù 뵿 翡 ϵ 湮ϴ 㰡Ͽ, ڰ 湮 ǥ ũٰ ȴ. 2002 5 ֵ 250 湮ߴ. ൿ Ǿ. ε ȣü Ͽ ӿ Ҵ. (Section 4 ). ַ Żڵκ ΰ Ư ġ ٰ ֵǴ ü ε ֱ ֽŲٴ ش. UN Ա̱ , ʾҴ. δ dz̳ νûڸ ˷ å̳ .
Section 3 ġ Ǹ о
ڽŵ θ ü ִ ùα
ùε ڳ θ ȭ ü ִ Ǹ . ġü ϼ ϰ ִ 뵿 ια ȴ. ϼ dz å źִ . ϳ ĥ Թ ְιȸǴ ڰ ϴ Ǿȿ ִ Ѵ. 1997 뵿 Ѽ ö. 1998 ְιȸǴ ȸ 忡 ߰, " ְ" ߴ. δ þ ϰ չȭŰ " 켱" å äߴ.
ϼ ּ ä ּ Ǿ. ǥ ְιȸ 迵̴. ǽİ, κ 켱̶ , ȣ, "ü" ڱ 縦 ȭŰ ִ. ü ٽɰ " ܺ ൿϴ ɷ"̶ 籹 Ѵ. "-Ǹ 信 â Ű " Ǿ ü ̳ ȭ ʿ ÷ ٽ ؼǴ ö̴. ü ǿ ġ ִ Ǿ. ַ , δ "" .
, ̵ ְιȸǿ ¡ ǥ ִ ημ Ѵ. ̵ 踦 ϴ ȸ ǿμ ϴ δ. Ŵ , ſ ġ "ں Ÿ" ""̶ Ѵ. ְιȸ, , , ȸ Ŵ . 1990 ó ְιȸ Ű 1998 ȴ. ΰ ϴ п ϸ, 뵿翡 ε ĺ 99ۼƮ ̻ ǥϿ 100ۼƮ ߴ. ְιȸ Ű Ȱ . 3鸸 Ǵ 뵿 κ Ҽε鿡 ɵ ϱ Ѵ. ڵ ְιȸ ǿ 20ۼƮ ϰ ִ , 뵿 ߾ȸ 4ۼƮ Ұϴ.
Section 4 αħؿ ⱸ αⱸ 翡 µ
δ ⱸ αǻȲ ϰų αħؿ ϴ ʴ´. 1992 â αȸ αħذ Ѵٴ ߴ. ķⱸ 2002 206 163 湮Ͽ 縦 ƴ. , ķ ߴ ܱε ⱸ ǥϴ ķ е 鿡 źδ߰, ȣڰ ǵ ڵ鿡 ϴ Ȯ . ܱ NGO ܱ ڸ ްų, 繫ǵ ų, ȹ õϱ ؼ ΰ鿡 䱸´ٰ ϰ ִ.
ΰ鿡 ѱ ġǾٴ ְ, ڵ ؾ߸ Ѵ. 2001 7, UNαȸ Ѵǥ αħغ ֱ ġ "̱̰" " µ" ̶ ߴ. 1996 Amnesty International ǥ 湮Ͽ ΰ ˼ ʸ ߴ. δ ٸ αDZⱸ 湮û ߰, ƹ 湮 ߴٰ ˷. δ Ѱ αǿ Ͽ Ϸ ؿԴ ܱ踦 ٽ ξ.
2002 6 ΰ EU ǥ αǹ Ͽ ߴ. 2001 6ȸ μ, ƹ ǹִ . ȸ㿡 ڴ EU ΰ "" ̿ UNαDZ ߴٰ ߴ. 1997 8, UN Ҽ ȣ ȸ αǽ ϴ Ǿ äߴ. δ Ǿ ڱ⳪ ֱǿ ̶ ϸ鼭, ùα ġǿ (ICCPR) ŻѴٰ ǥߴ. 1997 10, UN αȸ ICCPR κ Ż ٴ 鼭, ICCPR Żõ ϴ ǥ߰, 1998 8, αȸ ΰ αDZ ˱ϴ Ǿ ٽ äߴ. 2002, δ UN αȸ αǺ ߴ.
Section 5 , , üұ, , ȸ
ùε鿡 Ȱ Ǹ οϰ ִ. , δ ùε ٺ αǵ ϰ ְ, ȸ Ѵ.
ڵ
"ڴ ڿ Ȱ ȸ Ǹ ִ" ϰ , ڵ 뵿¿ ־ ǥǾ, ̳ ڵ . 鿡 ڵ ֵ 뵿̴. ڵ Ƶ ģô̳ ŹƼҿ ðܾ Ѵ. ϸ, 밡 ڴ ª ð 뵿ϵ Ǿ ִ. ߱ dzʴ ε ߿ ڿ ҳ νŸŸѴٴ ϵ ִ. (Section 6.f. ) ڵ鿡 Ͽ ִ .
ȸԹ ̵ ̰ ߽ ġ ְ ִ. ̵鿡 15 ǹ Ų. , Ϻ ̵ ȸ δϰ, 漺 з ڽŵ θ ˵ ٸ ó Ϳ ó߸ Ѵ. (Section 1.f.) ȸ ٸ , ̵ ġ ̴. 翡 ų ԽŲ. ߰, ̵ Ͽ ð б ǹ Ʒð 米 ƾ߸ Ѵٰ ܱ 湮ڵ ҽ Ѵ.
л ¿ Ư ϼϰų ǥ ϱ ܱⰣ ̳ ǿ ϵ . ķⱸ 2002 4鸸 ̵鿡 ķ ϰ ִٰ ߴ. ܰ, Ⱓ ް ִٰ ȴ. UNICEF ķⱸ 2000 翡 7 16ۼƮ ɰ ް ְ, 62ۼƮ ް . 8 ̰ ָ 迡 ְ, 80 ̻ ɰ ް ִٰ 1997 UNICEF ߴ.
̴ ù ʴ. UN Ƶ Ǹ ȸ(UNCRC), ü ־Ƶ鿡 ǻ , ־Ƶ ǰ, , ȸ ȿ ֵ ġ ʰ ְ, ̵ ȸ սŰ ġ ʴ Ϳ ǥߴ. 1998 , ǻ(MSF) " ǻ" ΰ α ̵鿡 Ͽ ִ 繫 ߴ. MSF ̰ ̵ "9-27ȣ ҵ" Ǿ Դٴ Ÿ ִٰ ǥߴ. ̵ ҵ "ȭ"϶ 1995 9 27 ɿ Ǿٰ ȴ. 9-27ȣ ҿ ŻϿ ߱ dzε ΰ Ȳ ߴ. ֱ Ⱓ 9-27ȣ Ϻΰ Ǿٴ ִ. ̵鿡 ȸ Ȥ ȿ Ȥ Լ . ߱ dz ҳ νŸŸѴٴ ִ. (Section 6.f. )
ü
ȸԹ ü ڵ ϴ Ϳ ϰ ִ. αε , ü ε , Żڵ ֹε ü ε ð ֵȴٰ Ѵ. ٳ, ڵ ε Բ ̵ ü ε ַ ϵ ٰ Ϻ NGO ϰ ְ, ϵ ⱸ ķ ο й ʴ´ٰ ǰ ִ. , ֱٿ 湮 Ÿ ε Ҵٰ ߴ. ü ε ǹ̳ μ ֵ ϴ .
Section 6 뵿 Ǹ
a. üἺ Ǹ
뵿 ʴ´. 뵿 뵿 ǥϴ ϰ ִ. 뵿ⱸ 뵿ѿε, ̰ ҷ 뵿ѿ Ϻ̴. Ʒ Ǹ鼭, յ ǥ ó 뵿ڵ ϰ ǰ, , ȭ, ü ϴ å "Ż" ۵ϰ ִ. 뵿ⱸ(ILO) ƴ ڰ ִ.
b. ü Ἲϰ ܱ ִ Ǹ
뵿ڵ ü Ἲϰų ִ Ǹ . ӱ Ѵ. Ѵ. ִ¸ ɷ ߿ ̰, ۻ ܱȸ 뵿ڵ 뵿翡 õ ߿ äؾ ߴٰ Ѵ. 뵿ڵ ȸ Ǿ ְ, ȸ 濵 ū ģ. 뵿 ľ Ǹ . - 밡 ְ, Ư ġ ǥǾ. ٸ 뵿 - 뿡 ǰ, 뿡 ϴ 뵿ڵ DZ ǰ ߵ Ͼ. ѹݵ߱ⱸ(KEDO) 1994 Ʈ 忡 뵿ڵ ߴ. KEDO 뵿ڸ ߴ ΰ 뵿ڵ ǥؼ ߴ. (Section 6.e. )
c. 뵿
UN αȸ 2000 2001 , δ 뵿 ϰ ִٰ ߴ. , δ Ǽ۾ ÷ ϰ ִ. ¡ ε鵵 ֱ ǰ ִ. "Ȱ뵿" "뵿 米" ġ Ϲ ó̴. ̳ ۹Ȯ 뵿 ˼鿡 ϹȭǾ ִ. ǥ ϱ л鵵 ܱⰣ ̳ 忡 ġȴ. (Section 5 )
뵿 ùε ؾ߸ ϰ "۾Ģ ٷνð" Ѿ Ѵٴ 䱸ϰ ִ. Ưǹ ν , , ý ڴ óѴٰ ϰ ִ. ־ ۾ ڴ ٵ ּ 5 ¡ óٰ ϰ ִ. (Section 6.e. )
d. Ƶ뵿 ּ 뵿
ϸ, 16 뵿 ϰ ִ. 뵿 Ǿ , л ǥ ϴ ܱⰣ ̳ 鿡 ġȴ. (Section 6.c. )
e. Ҹ 뵿
ü ּӱݿ Ͽ Լ ִ . ֱ ķⰡ ֱ , ӱݰ 뵿ڵ δ. , ֱ Ⱓ 찡 ٸ. ǷḦ ϰ ٸ ¡ Ḧ , ӱ (뵿 ) ֵ ° ƴϴ. 뵿ڵ鿡 ּӱ $80 ( 10 ȵ)̰, ̿ ܱȸ糪 ۻ ȸ ּӱ $110 ȴ.
ܱȸ簡 ӱ 뵿ڿ ǰ ˷ ʾҴ. ο Ÿ Ʈ ϴ ⱸ KEDO KEDOƮ ϴ ѳ뵿ڸ ӱݰ Ÿ ٷǿ Ͽ α ذ . ̼ó뵿ڰ $110 ݸ, ó뵿ڴ ۾ ణ ´. (Section 6.b.)
ٷΰɿ ֹε ݵ 뵿 ؾ ϸ " ۾Ģ ٷνð Ѿ߸ Ѵ". " ϴ ôϸ鼭" Ư ϴµ ν , , Ǵ ڴ óѴٰ ϰ ִ. Ҵ ۾ "" ڴ 5 ̻ ¡ óѴٶ ϰ ִ. ķ ã ٴϱ ð ҿǾ ó Ͽ, ӵǴ "ݻȸ ı" ִ. ܱ ӿ鿡 "ѿ , ľ , ڵ ̰ߵ " ϸ鼭 ΰ 뵿 Ͽ. 1994 籹 ܱڿ õ ȸ ο 뵿 ä Ǿ.
뵿 ذ, Ʒ, ٷνð, ްⰣ, ӱ, 뵿 ȣ, Ǿ, ݿ , ذ Ͽ. 1 8ð ٹ ϰ , ҽ κ 뵿ڵ Ϸ 12ð 16ð Ѵٰ ߴ. ̵ ߰ ð Ϻο ϼ ۿ ǹ н ԵǴ . ùε ް, , , " Ǹ" Ѵ. ް Ͽ , ϵ鿡 Ϻ غ ð Ͽ ȸ ؾ߸ Ѵ. ٷ ϸ, . 뵿ڵ ٷκ ִ Ǹ Ͼ.
f. νŸŸ
νŸŸ ü ذ ִ ˷ , νŸŸŴ ɰ ̴. ߱ dz ڿ ҳ Ÿſ ִ. Ϻδ ڱ ̳ ġ鿡 ߱ ó ȸ. и νŸŸŸ Ű ִٰ ȴ. ߱ ̷ ڵ ǻ ˼μ , Ϻδ âμ ϵ ǰ ִ.
--
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea,
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2002
Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
March 31, 2003
The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) is a
dictatorship under the absolute rule of Kim Jong Il, who has exercised
unchallenged authority since his father Kim Il Sung died in 1994. He was
named General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party (KWP) in October
1997. In September 1998, the Supreme People's Assembly reconfirmed Kim
Jong Il as Chairman of the National Defense Commission and declared that
position the "highest office of state." The presidency was abolished,
leaving the late Kim Il Sung as the DPRK's "eternal president." The Korean
People's Army continued to displace the KWP as Kim Jong Il's chief
instrument for making and implementing policy. The titular head of state
is Kim Yong Nam, the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
Assembly. Both Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il continue to be the objects of
intense personality cults. The regime continues to emphasize "juche," a
national ideology of self-reliance. The judiciary is not independent.
The Korean People's Army is the primary organization responsible for
external security. It is assisted by a large military reserve force and
several quasi-military organizations, including the Worker-Peasant Red
Guards and the People's Security Force. These organizations also assisted
the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) and the KWP in maintaining internal
security. Members of the security forces committed serious human rights
abuses.
The State directed all significant economic activity, and only
government-controlled labor unions were permitted in this country of 22
million persons. Industry continued to operate at significantly reduced
capacity, reflecting antiquated plant and equipment and severe shortages
of inputs, due in part to the sharp decline in trade and aid that followed
the collapse of the former Soviet Union and East European Communist
governments. Efforts at recovery have been hampered by heavy military
spending, which amounted to approximately one quarter of gross domestic
product (GDP) before the economy went into decline and was probably an
even larger share of national output during the year. The economy was also
hampered by a lack of access to commercial lending stemming from the
country's default on its foreign debt and its inability to obtain loans
from international financial institutions. Rarely food self-sufficient,
the country relied on international aid and trade to supplement domestic
production, which has been hobbled by disastrous agricultural policies.
From 1995 to 1997, famine caused internal dislocation and widespread
malnutrition, and an estimated 1 to 2 million persons, or possibly as much
as 10 percent of the population, died from starvation and related
diseases.
Economic and political conditions have caused at least tens of thousands
of persons to flee their homes. The Government continued to seek
international food aid, produce "alternative foods," and take other steps
to boost production. It permitted the spread of farmers' markets to
compensate for the contraction of food supplied through the public
distribution system. Food, clothing, and energy were rationed throughout
the country. The U.N.'s World Food Program provided assistance to children
and mothers, and the elderly. According to South Korean figures, North
Korea's GDP began to grow slightly in 2000, but this was due largely to
international aid and South Korean investment and followed years of steady
decline during which GDP was estimated to have shrunk by half since 1993.
In mid-year, North Korea raised wages and prices drastically and announced
a shift in management methods towards granting managers more
responsibility. However, these changes failed to have the desired impact
on the country's economy, as inflation rose dramatically in the later
months of the year. The creation of a Special Administrative Region (SAR)
in Sinuiju was announced but encountered immediate difficulties; the
Sinuiju SAR is planned as an autonomous region with its own legislative,
administrative, and judicial systems, intended to specialize in light
industries in line with the July economic reform measures.
The Government's human rights record remained poor, and it continued to
commit numerous serious abuses. Citizens did not have the right peacefully
to change their government, and the leadership viewed most international
human rights norms, particularly individual rights, as illegitimate,
alien, and subversive to the goals of the State and Party. There continued
to be reports of extrajudicial killings and disappearances. Citizens were
detained arbitrarily, and many were held as political prisoners. Prison
conditions were harsh, and torture was reportedly common. Female prisoners
underwent forced abortions, and in other cases babies reportedly were
killed upon birth in prisons. The constitutional provisions for an
independent judiciary and fair trials were not implemented in practice.
The regime subjected its citizens to rigid controls over many aspects of
their lives. A human rights dialogue initiated by the European Union in
2001 led to another exchange of views in June 2002 in Pyongyang, but the
Government did not acknowledge that international standards of human
rights apply to North Korea. The Penal Code is Draconian, stipulating
capital punishment and confiscation of assets for a wide variety of
"crimes against the revolution," including defection, attempted defection,
slander of the policies of the Party or State, listening to foreign
broadcasts, writing "reactionary" letters, and possessing reactionary
printed matter. Citizens were denied freedom of speech, the press,
assembly, and association, and all forms of cultural and media activities
were under the tight control of the Party. Little outside information
reached the public except that which was approved and disseminated by the
Government. The Government restricted freedom of religion, citizens'
movement, and worker rights. There were reports of trafficking in women
and young girls among refugees and workers crossing the border into China.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From:
a. Arbitrary and Unlawful Deprivation of Life
Defectors and refugees have reported that the regime executed political
prisoners, opponents of the regime, some repatriated defectors, and
others, reportedly including military officers suspected of espionage or
of plotting against Kim Jong Il. Criminal law makes the death penalty
mandatory for activities "in collusion with imperialists" aimed at
"suppressing the national liberation struggle." Some prisoners were
sentenced to death for such ill-defined "crimes" as "ideological
divergence," "opposing socialism," and other "counterrevolutionary
crimes." In some cases, executions reportedly were carried out at public
meetings attended by workers, students, and school children. Executions
also were carried out before assembled inmates at places of detention.
Border guards reportedly had orders to shoot to kill potential defectors.
Similarly, prison guards were under orders to shoot to kill those
attempting escape in political concentration camps, according to
defectors.
Defectors have reported that government officials prohibited live births
in prison. Forced abortion and the killing of newborn babies reportedly
were standard prison practices (see Section 1.c.).
Religious and human rights groups outside the country reported that some
members of underground churches were killed because of their religious
beliefs and suspected contacts with overseas evangelical groups operating
across the Chinese border (see Section 2.c.).
Many prisoners reportedly have died from disease, starvation, or exposure
(see Section 1.c.).
According to some humanitarian organizations, the Government has channeled
international food and medical aid to the party elite, military personnel,
and other persons viewed as loyal to the regime.
b. Disappearance
The Government reportedly was responsible for cases of disappearance.
According to recent defector reports, individuals suspected of political
crimes often were taken from their homes by state security officials late
at night and sent directly, without trial, to camps for political
prisoners. There are no restrictions on the ability of the Government to
detain and imprison persons at will and to hold them incommunicado,
without notifying detainees' relatives.
There also were long-standing reports of past government involvement in
the kidnaping abroad of South Koreans, Japanese, and other foreign
nationals. On September 17, Kim Jong Il admitted to Japanese Prime
Minister Koizumi that the Government had abducted 13 Japanese citizens
during the 1970s. According to Japanese government officials, these
abductions took place between 1977 and 1983. Government spies used the
identities of some of the victims, and some of the victims were forced to
provide training in Japanese language and customs. The Government allowed
five surviving victims to visit Japan in October for 1 week, but the
victims have remained in Japan since that time. The Government alleged
that the remaining 8 are deceased. There was speculation, not officially
confirmed by the Japanese Government or the DPRK Government, that the DPRK
Government has abducted many more Japanese residents over the years.
In November 1997, the South Korean Government arrested several alleged
North Korean espionage agents. According to the South Korean Governments
report on its investigation, those arrested claimed that three South
Korean high school students, missing since 1978, had been kidnaped by the
North Korean Government and trained as espionage agents. The three were
identified as Kim Young Nam, who disappeared from Son Yu beach, and Yi
Myong U and Hong Kyun Pyo, both of whom disappeared from Hong To beach.
According to those arrested, there were several other kidnapings in the
late 1970s and early 1980s. The South Korean Government has compiled a
list of 486 South Korean citizens, most of whom were fishermen, abducted
since the 1950-53 Korean War.
In addition, several suspected cases in recent years of kidnaping,
hostage-taking, and other acts of violence, apparently intended to
intimidate ethnic Koreans living in China and Russia, have been reported.
There were unconfirmed reports that in January 2000 North Korean agents.
Despite the unprecedented admission to Prime Minister Koizumi, the
Government continued to deny that it had been involved in kidnapings of
other foreign nationals.
Numerous reports indicated that ordinary citizens were not allowed to mix
with foreign nationals, and Amnesty International reported that a number
of citizens who maintained friendships with foreigners have disappeared.
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Torture is not prohibited by law. Methods of torture reportedly routinely
used on political prisoners included severe beatings, electric shock,
prolonged periods of exposure, humiliations such as public nakedness, and
confinement to small "punishment cells," in which prisoners were unable to
stand upright or lie down, where they could be held for several weeks.
According to defector reports, many prisoners died from torture, disease,
starvation, exposure, or a combination of these causes. The U.S. Committee
for Human Rights in North Korea claimed that approximately 400,000 persons
died in prison since 1972.
Recent crackdowns in China on prostitution and forced marriages resulted
in the deportation of thousands of North Korean women, some of whom were
pregnant, and many were imprisoned upon their return to the country. There
were reports that North Korean officials prohibited live births in prison
and that a policy of forced abortion was regularly implemented,
particularly in those detention centers holding women repatriated from
China. In those cases where live births did occur, the babies reportedly
were immediately killed. In addition, guards sexually abused female
prisoners.
Prison conditions were harsh; starvation and executions were common.
Entire families, including children, were imprisoned when one member of
the family was accused of a crime. "Reeducation through labor" was a
common punishment, consisting of forced labor, such as logging and tending
crops, under harsh conditions. Visitors to the country observed prisoners
being marched in leg irons, metal collars, or shackles. In some places of
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